As a shaking, I remember I watched in astonishing
Sojourner In the summer of 1997, he sent back the back pictures of the Martian surface. I was not alone. Servers in the NASA’s jet landslides Laboratory, slowed down from 47 million hit (record number!) From people trying to download these early images of the red planet. It was the late 1990s to be fair, the internet was still young and most people used dial-up modems. By the end of the 83-day mission, Sojourner 550 sent back photographs and performed more than 15 chemical analysis of March rocks and soil.
SojournerOf course, it remains in Mars. It is described here Marie Curie, his twin. Functionally, one of the rovers could travel to Mars, but one of them was forced to be a famous face of the mission, and the other was left behind in the dark. I wrote this piece because I feel a little bad Marie Curie? Maybe. However, this pioneer, which robots can effectively investigate the surface of the planets and annoy the social imagination, gave a chance to reconsider the Mars mission.
SojournerMars Peeling
On July 4, 1997
Mars Pathfinder Parachute with the Martian atmosphere and finally jumped about 15 times in glorious airbags before coming to a rest. Lander, called Carl Sagan Memorial Stationcarried a valuable burden in. The next day, the sun’s energy after the airbags have been retreated Sojourner The first human production, which was the first human production to walk around the surface of another planet, relieved the landing. (This was not the first surface body. Soviet Lunokhod Rovers held two successful mission in 1970 and 1973. In 1971, in 1971, in 1971, in 1971, in 1971, but communication was still role before applying.)
This giant sand box in jpl Marie Curie By the rapprochement of the Martian area. Mike Nelson / AFP / Getty Images
Six-wheeled, 10.6 kilograms, microwave oven size
Sojourner Three low-resolution cameras (black-and-white images and two for colored camera on the back side, are equipped with an alpha-proton x-ray sector, wheel wear and material adherence to the tire wear and material. Sojourner Never walked over 12 meters from Lander due to a limited distance of radio.
Pathfinder Because a wide range of rocks existed, Ares Vallis, which was an ancient flood, landed. Scientists hoped to confirm the existence of water on the surface of Mars. Sojourner I discovered rounded pebbles that offer water flowing water, and the next missions confirmed it.
A point SojournerThe 83-day mission in Mars encountered a rock nicknamed Barnacle Bill (Rover. JPL / NASA
As the first exploration act,
Sojourner He put 36 centimeters and faced a rock on Barnacle Bill for the rough surface. RoverTo determine the elementary content, it has spent about 10 hours analyzing the rock using the spectrometer. During the next few weeks, while taking the atmosphere of the Earth, he collects photos and took photos, Rover examined detail and tested the land of the martyr.
Marie CurieCold … in Jpl Sandbox
Meanwhile, engineers are used on earth, JPL
Marie Curie imitate Sojourner actions like a Mars. During the original design and testing of Rovers, the team had built giant sand boxes with thousands of kilograms of playgrounds with the object of space flight operations in JPL. They fully applied to work from the remote SojournerIncluding the 11-minute delay in communication between Ards and the Earth. (True delay may change by 7 to 20 minutes.) Even after Sojourner landed, Marie Curie continued to help his strategy.
Initially, Sojourner Remotely controlled from a distance from a remote to the local communication delay. Mike Nelson / AFP / Getty Images
In the first few days in Mars
Sojourner 3D has been maneuvered by an operator located using an entertaining device that wears glasses and a spacecraft. Very, it was like a very slow video game – Rover sometimes moved several centimeters a day. NASA opened later Sojourner Dangerous-preventing permitting an autonomy to explore the world of Rover. One person offers a way for the exploration of that day and should autonomy any obstacle on the way like a large rock, cliff, a cliff, or a steep slope.
JPL designed
Sojourner work for a week. However, NASA, who could cuddle together with March 83, finally lost in contact on October 7, 1997. Lander drew candy on September 27. In general, the mission collected 1.2 gigabytes of information (this time was one too) and sent back 10,000 pictures of the planet’s surface.
Was spent on NASA
Marie Curie With the hope of sending to another mission for Mars. It has been slate to be part of a while Mars 2001 Set of missions, but this did not happen. In 2015, JPL Rover transferred to Smithsonia’s National Weather and Space Museum.
When NASA embraces faster, better, cheaper
This
Pathfinder Mission NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin’s “faster, faster, faster, cheaper, cheaper philosophy was an effective discovery program that is effective. (The first discovery mission was asteroid eros.) The Space Agency, which has a large mission, which has a large mission failed, could not risk the financial climate. The gold project has made a choice for smaller projects; this Pathfinder The total budget of the mission, including flights and operations, was shot up to $ 300 million.
In the book of 2014
Interest: An internal appearance of the Mars Rover mission and the people who create it (Prometheus), Science writer Rod Pyle interviews Rob Manning, Chief Engineer Pathfinder Mission and Next Mars Rovers. Manning reminded that there are relatively minimal requirements of one of the best things about the mission. The team landed in Mars, handing over the Rover and to be made, but to make sure that the team has no restrictions to be sure.
Sojourner succeeded by Rovers Mentally, Opportunityand Interest. Here are four missions exhibitions, including Marie Curie (foreground). JPL-Caltech / NASA
The actual mission was to prove the congress and the American community that NASA could make the groundbreaking work more effective. Behind the scenes a little accounting spells occur, “faster, better, better, cheaper” missions, often written silently by older projects. For example, radioisotope heater devices are stored Sojourner‘s elegant to use the electronics, remained from the rest Galato The mission for Jupiter is therefore “free.”
Not only didn
Pathfinder The mission seized a successful but American hearts and showed an interesting interest in examining Mars. During this period, Rovers put the basis of future missions that allow Mentally, Opportunity, and Interest (Incredibly, still operating after the decline for about 13 years) to explore the red planet.
How Rovers Sojourner and Marie Curie They got their names
To call the first Mars Rovers, NASA began a student competition with a special leadership of the “Heroin” in March 1994. The input essays were convicted of their quality and creativity, a name of the name of the name and the knowledge of the student’s respect for a student’s age and the purpose of the student. Students entered from all over the world.
Twelve-year-old Valerie Ambroise of Bridgeport, Conn. The truth was a black woman born to slavery in the late 18th century. The baby ran away with his daughter, and two years later he won freedom through legal action for his son. He became a vocal lawyer for civil rights, women’s rights and alcohol humility. CurieThe chemist, who is famous for the Polish-French physical and chemist, radioactivity, closed for a while. The Nobel Prize was the first woman who won the first person to win a second Nobel.
NASA recognized several women with later structures. One of the latest women, the first astronomy chief of the space agency was Nancy Grace Roman. In May 2020, after NASA novel, the wide area will be called an infrared questionnaire telescope; Space Telescope was established in early October 2026, although Trump management has repeatedly said he wanted to cancel the project.
Related: A trillion naughty planets and not a sun for them to sparkle
These days, NASA is trying to call great projects after people. In December 2022, he silently changed the name of the James Webb James Webb referred to the NASA and ago in NASA and ago. A NASA investigation could not justify the allegations and therefore the telescope was named the webbone. But for the bar, this is more higher to remember the memory of everyone, worthy or other thing for NASA projects. .
And
Marie Curie and Sojourner will remain part of a rare batch. SojournerIn 2003, entering the hall of fame, the couple will always be famous. And Marie Curie will always be left out. But think this way in this way: Marie Curie Now in one of the most popular museums in the world, in one of the most popular museums that millions can see the closeness of millions of visitors. This is also a very shy inheritance.
A part of a Continuous seriesLooks into historical works covering the boundless potential of technology.
An abbreviated version of this article appears on June 2025 in print.
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